CRISPRi-induced transcriptional regulation of IAH1 gene and its influence on volatile compounds profile in Kluyveromyces marxianus DU3.

Mezcal is a traditional Mexican distilled beverage, known for its marked organoleptic profile, which is influenced by several factors, such as the fermentation process, where a wide variety of microorganisms are present. Kluyveromyces marxianus is one of the main yeasts isolated from mezcal fermentations and has been associated with ester synthesis, contributing to the flavors and aromas of the beverage. In this study, we employed CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) technology, using dCas9 fused to the Mxi1 repressor factor domain, to down-regulate the expression of the IAH1 gene, encoding for an isoamyl acetate-hydrolyzing esterase, in K. marxianus strain DU3. The constructed CRISPRi plasmid successfully targeted the IAH1 gene, allowing for specific gene expression modulation. Through gene expression analysis, we assessed the impact of IAH1 down-regulation on the metabolic profile of volatile compounds. We also measured the expression of other genes involved in volatile compound biosynthesis, including ATF1, EAT1, ADH1, and ZWF1 by RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated successful down-regulation of IAH1 expression in K. marxianus strain DU3 using the CRISPRi system. The modulation of IAH1 gene expression resulted in alterations in the production of volatile compounds, specifically ethyl acetate, which are important contributors to the beverage's aroma. Changes in the expression levels of other genes involved in ester biosynthesis, suggesting that the knockdown of IAH1 may generate intracellular alterations in the balance of these metabolites, triggering a regulatory response. The application of CRISPRi technology in K. marxianus opens the possibility of targeted modulation of gene expression, metabolic engineering strategies, and synthetic biology in this yeast strain.

Polyphenols and CRISPR as Quorum Quenching Agents in Antibiotic-Resistant Foodborne Human Pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli 0157:H7).

Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens is an increasing threat to global human health. Among the most prevalent antibiotic-resistant bacteria are Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli 0157:H7. Control of these and other pathogens requires innovative approaches, i.e., discovering new molecules that will inactivate them, or render them less virulent without inducing resistance. Recently, several polyphenol molecules have been shown to possess such characteristics. Also, the use of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) approaches has recently been proposed for such purpose. This review summarizes the main findings regarding the application of both approaches to control the above-mentioned foodborne pathogens by relying on Quorum Sensing interference (Quorum Quenching) mechanisms and highlights the avenues needed for further research.

Deep Learning Techniques to Characterize the RPS28P7 Pseudogene and the Metazoa-SRP Gene as Drug Potential Targets in Pancreatic Cancer Patients.

The molecular explanation about why some pancreatic cancer (PaCa) patients die early and others die later is poorly understood. This study aimed to discover potential novel markers and drug targets that could be useful to stratify and extend expected survival in prospective early-death patients. We deployed a deep learning algorithm and analyzed the gene copy number, gene expression, and protein expression data of death versus alive PaCa patients from the GDC cohort. The genes with higher relative amplification (copy number >4 times in the dead compared with the alive group) were EWSR1, FLT3, GPC3, HIF1A, HLF, and MEN1. The most highly up-regulated genes (>8.5-fold change) in the death group were RPL30, RPL37, RPS28P7, RPS11, Metazoa_SRP, CAPNS1, FN1, H3-3B, LCN2, and OAZ1. None of their corresponding proteins were up or down-regulated in the death group. The mRNA of the RPS28P7 pseudogene could act as ceRNA sponging the miRNA that was originally directed to the parental gene RPS28. We propose RPS28P7 mRNA as the most druggable target that can be modulated with small molecules or the RNA technology approach. These markers could be added as criteria to patient stratification in future PaCa drug trials, but further validation in the target populations is encouraged.

Vacuum-Forced Agroinfiltration for In planta Transformation of Recalcitrant Plants: Cacao as a Case Study.

Transient in planta transformation is a fast and cost-effective alternative for plant genetic transformation. Most protocols for in planta transformation rely on the use of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. However, the protocols currently in use are standardized for small-sized plants due to the physical and economic constraints of submitting large-sized plants to a vacuum treatment. This work presents an effective protocol for localized vacuum-based agroinfiltration customized for large-sized plants. To assess the efficacy of the proposed method, we tested its use in cacao plants, a tropical plant species recalcitrant to genetic transformation. Our protocol allowed applying up to 0.07 MPa vacuum, with repetitions, to a localized aerial part of cacao leaves, making it possible to force the infiltration of Agrobacterium into the intercellular spaces of attached leaves. As a result, we achieved the Agrobacterium-mediated transient in planta transformation of attached cacao leaves expressing for the RUBY reporter system. This is also the first Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transient transformation of cacao. This protocol would allow the application of the vacuum-based agroinfiltration method to other plant species with similar size constraints and open the door for the in planta characterization of genes in recalcitrant woody, large-size species.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de infecciones faciales severas / Surgical treatment of severe facial infections

Objetivo: Caracterizar la clínica, diagnóstico y terapéutica implementada en pacientes con infección facial severa sometidos a intervención quirúrgica por abordaje transfacial. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y retrospectivo de 20 pacientes del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas con infecciones faciales severas entre el año 2012 al 2022. Se dividieron de acuerdo a la etiología en odontógenas y noodontógenas, esta última se subdividió de acuerdo a la ubicación anatómica del proceso infeccioso. Las distintas frecuencias fueron expresadas en número y porcentaje. Resultados: Etiología odontógena: seis pacientes (30 %), no odontógena: catorce (70%). Senos paranasales relacionados con rinosinusitis purulentas: 20%. Glándula parótida con sialoadenitis supurativa aguda: 15%, traumatismos en piel facial: 15 % micosis profundas:20 %. La diabetes mellitus fue el antecedente más común. Tomografía, ultrasonido y nasofibrolaringoscopía fueron las herramientas diagnósticas. Indicadores de severidad: septicemia75%, propagación 35 %, trismo 30 %, y áreas de gas o necrosis25 %. Evacuación de colecciones purulentas en 75 % de casos, y desbridamiento de áreas necróticas en el 25 %. Un cuarto de la casuística desarrolló complicaciones respiratorias o falla multiorgánica, durante el acto quirúrgico o en el postoperatorio. Conclusión: La identificación precoz de los indicadores de severidad en las infecciones faciales seguida del tratamiento antimicrobiano y quirúrgico apropiado, representaron las principales opciones para el manejo oportuno de este tipo de patología. La aplicación de la cirugía de revisión y el manejo multidisciplinario entre varios especialistas significaron estrategias razonables en el manejo de estos pacientes(AU)

To evaluate the clinic, diagnosis and treatment in patients with facial infection severe underwent surgery by transfacial approaches. Method: Study descriptive, quantitative and retrospective of 20 patients with facial infection severe between the years 2012 to 2022. We divided the aetiology in odontogénica and non dontogénica, this last subdivided in the anatomic localization. The frequency was expressed innumber and percentage. Results: Aetiology odontogenica, sixpatients, 30%. Non odontogénica, fourteen patients, 70%. Paranasal sinuses infections 20%, acute bacterial sialadenitisin parotid gland 15%, and traumatism facial skin 15%. Fungal infections 20%. Diabetes mellitus represent the most common medical antecedent. The tomography, ultrasound and nasofibrolaryngoscope were the principal diagnostic tools. These verity indicators were septicaemia 75%, upward or downward propagation 35%, trismus 30%, and necrosis or gas presence 25%. The drainage of purulent collection and debridement necrosis area in 75% and 25%, respectively. Twenty five percent development complications in the surgical act. Conclusion: In this study the early identification of severity indicators and appropriate antibiotic therapy, drainage of purulent collection and debridement necrosis area, represents the principal option for the management of this pathology. The second look surgery was incorporated like strategy in the patients with necrosis of ungal rhinitis(AU)

Anthocyanin-rich extract from black beans exerts anti-diabetic effects in rats through a multi-genomic mode of action in adipose tissue.

Black beans (BB) are an important source of a range of plant bioactive compounds including polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins. Several studies support that consumption of BB is associated with health benefits, including prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health properties of BB on adipose tissue (AT) are still largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate multi-genomic effects of BB intake and identify regulatory networks potentially mediating T2DM on AT. Male Wistar diabetic rats consumed an anthocyanin-rich black bean extract for 5 weeks. Global gene expression from AT, protein coding and non-coding RNA profiles were determined using RNAseq. Biological function analyses were performed using a variety of bioinformatic tools. The evaluation of global gene expression profiles exhibited significant change following BB consumption with 406 significantly differentially expressed genes, 33 miRNA and 39 lncRNA and 3 snRNA. Functional analyses indicated that these genes play an important role in regulation of PI3K signaling, NIN/NF-kB signaling, insulin secretion, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organization. Interestingly, transcription factors such as GATA2, or POU2AF1 demonstrated to modulate their activity by BB extract by direct interaction with polyphenol metabolites, or by interactions with cell signaling proteins, like PKB, AKT or PI3K, that could control transcription factor activity and as a result impact on adipogenesis regulation. Therefore, the constant consumption of an anthocyanin-rich black bean extract may have anti-diabetic protective effects by modulating gene expression, resulting in a promising alternative for T2DM patients.

Infecciones en pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias en Pinar del Río / Infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies in Pinar del Rio

RESUMEN Introducción: los errores innatos de la inmunidad son trastornos cuya causa es un defecto genético en uno o más componentes del sistema inmune. A pesar de que la forma de presentación varía según el defecto genético, la mayoría cursa con enfermedades infecciosas que presentan características de recurrencia y persistencia. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de los procesos infecciosos en los pacientes registrados con diagnóstico de Inmunodeficiencia Primaria en el Servicio de Inmunología del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río, en el periodo comprendido de 1994 a marzo de 2021. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron los registros médicos de 125 pacientes diagnosticados de inmunodeficiencias que aparecen registrados en la Base de Datos del Servicio de Inmunología del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río. Resultados: el 85,6 % de pacientes presentaron diagnóstico de algún déficit predominante de anticuerpos. Predominó el sexo masculino, y el rango etario de 6 a 10 años. Las infecciones de mayor presencia fueron la faringoamigdalitis aguda catarral (77,6 %), seguido de la neumonía (58,4 %) y la amigdalitis (56 %). De los signos de alarma que se relacionan con infecciones solo cuatro se encontraron en los pacientes del registro. Conclusión: la susceptibilidad a infecciones no es necesariamente el rasgo clínico preponderante en las inmunodeficiencias primarias, pero el fenotipo infeccioso es el mejor indicador sugestivo para algún defecto de la inmunidad. Aunque es necesario plantear nuevos criterios de manifestaciones infecciosas que faciliten el diagnóstico probable de inmunodeficiencia de forma general y por grupos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: inborn errors of immunity are disorders whose cause is a genetic defect in one or more components of the immune system. Although the form of presentation varies according to the genetic defect, most of them present infectious diseases with recurrent and persistent characteristics. Objective: to determine the prevalence of infectious processes in patients registered with diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency in the Immunology Service at Pepe Portilla Provincial Pediatric Teaching Hospital, Pinar del Rio in the period from 1994 to March 2021. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study. The medical records of 125 patients diagnosed with immunodeficiencies registered in the database of the Immunology Service at Pepe Portilla Provincial Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Pinar del Rio were analyzed. Results: the 85,6 % of patients presented diagnosis of some predominant antibody deficit. The predominant sex was male and the age range was from 6 to 10 years old. The most frequent infections were acute catarrhal pharyngotonsillitis (77,6 %), followed by pneumonia (58,4 %) and tonsillitis (56 %). Of the alarm signs related to infections only 4 were found in the patients in the registry. Conclusions: susceptibility to infections is not necessarily the predominant clinical feature in primary immunodeficiencies, but the infectious phenotype is still the best suggestive indicator for a defect in immunity. Although it is necessary to propose new criteria for infectious manifestations that facilitate the probable diagnosis of immunodeficiency in general and by groups.

Modelo para historia clínica en inmunodeficientes primarios, Pinar del Río / Model for clinical history in primary immunodeficient patients, Pinar del Rio

RESUMEN Introducción: los errores innatos de la inmunidad o inmunodeficiencias primarias se caracterizan por susceptibilidad incrementada a infecciones por defectos del desarrollo o función del sistema inmune. Para el diagnóstico debe incluirse la evaluación clínica, la analítica inmunológica, la evaluación genética, el seguimiento rutinario, la rediscusión diagnóstica y del tratamiento clínico. No existe una guía clara respecto a este asunto en condiciones de recursos limitados. Objetivo: diseñar un modelo para la confección de historia clínica en el paciente con sospecha de error innato de la inmunidad. Métodos: se realizó un trabajo de revisión de síntomas a contemplar en la historia clínica de pacientes con errores innatos de la inmunidad. Se formaron grupos de trabajo entre miembros del grupo provincial de Inmunología de Pinar del Río, con la posterior discusión de los aspectos que se incluyen en la historia. Resultados: se diseñaron cinco tablas que recogen: consentimiento informado; antecedentes patológicos personales relacionados con 148 manifestaciones clínicas en correspondencia con los fenotipos alérgico, infeccioso, inflamatorio, autoinmune, no inmunológico, neoplásico y otros. Se exponen antecedentes patológicos familiares y árbol genealógico; el examen físico y el resumen de los fenotipos clínicos, discusión diagnóstica y clasificación del paciente. Conclusiones: el interrogatorio, el examen físico, los antecedentes patológicos personales y familiares, así como la confección adecuada de la historia clínica son elementos imprescindibles para la aproximación al diagnóstico de los errores innatos de la inmunidad. Se debe contar con un registro de pacientes que posibilite el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno de la inmunodeficiencia primaria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: inborn errors of immunity or primary immunodeficiencies are characterized by increased susceptibility to infections due to defects in the development or functioning of the immune system. Diagnosis should include clinical evaluation, immunological analysis, genetic evaluation, routine follow-up, diagnostic re-discussion and clinical management. There is no clear guidance on this issue under resource-limited conditions. Objective: to design a model for clinical history in patients with suspected inborn error of immunity. Methods: a review of symptoms to be considered in the clinical history of patients with inborn errors of immunity was carried out. Working groups were formed among members of the provincial group of Immunology in Pinar del Rio province, with the subsequent discussion of the aspects to be included in the history. Results: five tables were designed to collect: informed consent; personal pathological antecedents related to 148 clinical manifestations in correspondence with allergic, infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, non-immune, neoplastic and other phenotypes. Family pathologic history and family tree; physical examination and summary of clinical phenotypes, diagnostic discussion and classification of the patient are presented. Conclusions: the interviews, physical examination, personal and family pathologic history, as well as the adequate design of the clinical history, are considered essential elements for the approach to the diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity. A patient registry should be available to enable early diagnosis and timely treatment of primary immunodeficiency.

Identification of genes related to hydrolysis and assimilation of Agave fructans in Candida apicola NRRL Y-50540 and Torulaspora delbrueckii NRRL Y-50541 by denovo transcriptome analysis.

Fructans are the main sugar in agave pine used by yeasts during mezcal fermentation processes, from which Candida apicola NRRL Y-50540 and Torulaspora delbrueckii NRRL Y-50541 were isolated. De novo transcriptome analysis was carried out to identify genes involved in the hydrolysis and assimilation of Agave fructans (AF). We identified a transcript annotated as SUC2, which is related to ß-fructofuranosidase activity, and several differential expressed genes involved in the transcriptional regulation of SUC2 such as: MIG1, MTH1, SNF1, SNF5, REG1, SSN6, SIP1, SIP2, SIP5, GPR1, RAS2, and PKA. Some of these genes were specifically expressed in some of the yeasts according to their fructans assimilation metabolism. Different hexose transporters that could be related to the assimilation of fructose and glucose were found in both the transcriptomes. Our findings provide a better understanding of AF assimilation in these yeasts and provide resources for further metabolic engineering and biotechnology applications.

Malformaciones congénitas en óbitos fetales / Congenital malformations in fetal stillbirth

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las malformaciones congénitas son defectos estructurales o funcionales producidos en el desarrollo embrionario o fetal, de diversa etiología, algunas son prevenibles por lo que el diagnóstico prenatal es indispensable para determinar pronóstico y futuro obstétrico. OBJETIVO. Describir las malformaciones congénitas prevalentes en óbitos fetales y destacar la importancia de completar el diagnóstico prenatal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. De una población de 276 Historias Clínicas con diagnóstico de pérdidas fetales espontáneas, se tomó muestra de 41 con malformaciones congénitas del Centro Obstétrico, en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, de enero 2017 a diciembre 2018. Criterios de inclusión: diagnóstico óbitos con malformaciones congénitas menores de 34 semanas de gestación identificadas por estudio ecográfico, cromosómico y de necropsia. Criterios de exclusión: óbitos con estudio de necropsia normal. Los datos se obtuvieron del sistema MIS-AS400. El análisis se realizó con el programa Microsoft Excel. RESULTADOS. Se encontró prevalencia de malformaciones congénitas en óbitos fetales del 14,85% (41; 276), el hidrops representó el 41,46% (17; 41), de estos en el 53% (9; 17) se hallaron malformaciones mayores y en el 47% (8; 17) otras malformaciones asociadas. Se encontraron 17 cariotipos, 76,47% (13; 17) fueron anormales y 23,52% (4; 17) normales. DISCUSIÓN. Las comorbilidades maternas y antecedentes familiares, fueron factores relevantes para la aparición de malformaciones congénitas cuya prevalencia aún se debe investigar en el Ecuador. CONCLUSIÓN. Se describieron malformaciones congénitas prevalentes y la importancia de realizar el control prenatal con estudios complementarios para precisar el diagnóstico y determinar el futuro obstétrico.

INTRODUCTION. Congenital malformations are structural or functional defects produced in embryonic or fetal development, of diverse etiology, some are preventable, so prenatal diagnosis is essential to determine prognosis and obstetric future. OBJECTIVE. Describe the prevalent congenital malformations in stillbirths and highlight the importance of completing the prenatal diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. From a population of 276 Clinical Histories with a diagnosis of spontaneous fetal losses, a sample of 41 with congenital malformations was taken from the Obstetric Center, at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital, from January 2017 to December 2018. Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of deaths with malformations congenital less than 34 weeks of gestation identified by ultrasound, chromosomal and necropsy study. Exclusion criteria: deaths with normal autopsy study. The data were obtained from the MIS AS400 system. The analysis was carried out with the Microsoft Excel program. RESULTS. The prevalence of congenital malformations in stillbirths was 14,85% (41; 276), hydrops represented 41,46% (17; 41), of these, 53% (9; 17) found major malformations and in 47% (8; 17) other associated malformations. 17 karyotypes were found, 76,47% (13; 17) were abnormal and 23,52% (4; 17) were normal. DISCUSSION. Maternal comorbidities and family history were relevant factors for the appearance of congenital malformations whose prevalence has yet to be investigated in Ecuador. CONCLUSION. Prevalent congenital malformations and the importance of carrying out prenatal control with complementary studies to clarify the diagnosis and determine the obstetric future were described.

The SoNAP gene from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) encodes a senescence-associated NAC transcription factor involved in response to osmotic and salt stress.

Climate change has caused serious problems related to the productivity of agricultural crops directly affecting human well-being. Plants have evolved to produce molecular mechanisms in response to environmental stresses, such as transcription factors (TFs), to cope with abiotic stress. The NAC proteins constitute a plant-specific family of TFs involved in plant development processes and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Sugarcane is a perennial grass that accumulates a large amount of sucrose and is a crucial agro-industry crop in tropical regions. Our previous transcriptome analyses on sugarcane that were exposed to drought conditions revealed significant increases in the expression of several NAC TFs through all of the time-point stress conditions. In this work, we characterize all previously detected sugarcane NAC genes, utilizing phylogenetics and expression analyses. Furthermore, we characterized a sugarcane NAC gene orthologous to the senescence-associated genes AtNAP and OsNAP via transient expression in tobacco calluses, from Arabidopsis and rice respectively, thus we named it the SoNAP gene. Transient localization assays on onion epidermal cells confirmed the nuclear localization of the SoNAP. Expression analysis showed that the SoNAP gene was induced by high salinity, drought, and abscisic acid treatments. The overexpression of the SoNAP gene in tobacco calluses caused a senescence associated phenotype. Overall, our results indicated that the SoNAP gene from sugarcane is transcriptionally induced under abiotic stress conditions and conserved the predicted senescence-associated functions when it was overexpressed in a heterologous plant model. This work provides key insights about the senescence mechanisms related to abiotic stress and it provides a benchmark for future work on the improvement of this economically important crop.

Rhizospheric Microbiome Profiling of Capsicum annuum L. Cultivated in Amended Soils by 16S and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 rRNA Amplicon Metagenome Sequencing.

Rhizospheric microbiomes of Capsicum annuum L. cultivated either conventionally or amended with a synthetic microbial consortium or a root exudate inductor, were characterized by 16S/internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rRNA amplicon metagenome sequencing. The most abundant taxa found, although differently represented in each treatment, were Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacilli, as well as Chytridiomycetes and Mortierellomycotina.

RAP2.4a Is Transported through the Phloem to Regulate Cold and Heat Tolerance in Papaya Tree (Carica papaya cv. Maradol): Implications for Protection Against Abiotic Stress.

Plants respond to stress through metabolic and morphological changes that increase their ability to survive and grow. To this end, several transcription factor families are responsible for transmitting the signals that are required for these changes. Here, we studied the transcription factor superfamily AP2/ERF, particularly, RAP2.4 from Carica papaya cv. Maradol. We isolated four genes (CpRap2.4a, CpRAap2.4b, CpRap2.1 and CpRap2.10), and an in silico analysis showed that the four genes encode proteins that contain a conserved APETALA2 (AP2) domain located within group I and II transcription factors of the AP2/ERF superfamily. Semiquantitative PCR experiments indicated that each CpRap2 gene is differentially expressed under stress conditions, such as extreme temperatures. Moreover, genetic transformants of tobacco plants overexpressing CpRap2.4a and CpRap2.4b genes show a high level of tolerance to cold and heat stress compared to non-transformed plants. Confocal microscopy analysis of tobacco transgenic plants showed that CpRAP2.4a and CpRAP2.4b proteins were mainly localized to the nuclei of cells from the leaves and roots and also in the sieve elements. Moreover, the movement of CpRap2.4a RNA in tobacco grafting was analyzed. Our results indicate that CpRap2.4a and CpRap2.4b RNA in the papaya tree have a functional role in the response to stress conditions such as exposure to extreme temperatures via direct translation outside the parental RNA cell.

Algunos aspectos clínico epidemiológicos en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio / Some epidemiological aspects in patients suffering from myocardial infarction

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal, para describir los aspectos clínico epidemiológicos de los pacientes con infarto miocárdico, atendidos en el área de terapia intensiva municipal, municipio Sandino, de julio 2008 a julio 2011. El universo fueron los 45 pacientes atendidos con este diagnóstico, la muestra fue de 30 pacientes. De las historias clínicas se tomaron la edad, género, hábitos tóxicos, presencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, antecedentes familiares de coronariopatías, procedencia, complicaciones y terapia trombolítica. El grupo más afectado fue el de 60- 69 años correspondiendo con el 46,7 por ciento del total. El 90 por ciento tenía más de 45 años de edad..(AU)

A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to describe clinical-epidemiological aspects of patients suffering from myocardial infarction at Municipal Intensive Care Area in Sandino municipality, July 2008-2011. The target group was comprised of 45 patients that were previously diagnosed and the sample included 30 patients. Age, gender, addictive habits, the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, along with familial records of coronary artery disease, origin, complications and thrombolytic therapy were the variables collected from the clinical charts. Ages from 60 to 69 were the most affected (46,7 percent of the total). The 90 percent of patients were older than 45 years old..(AU)

Agudizaciones de asma bronquial, relación con niveles de conocimientos y acceso a la asistencia médica / Exacerbations of bronchial asthma, relation between level of knowledge and access to medical care

Con el objetivo de precisar la relación de los niveles de conocimientos sobre las agudizaciones del asma bronquial, con su aparición y la relación entre el tiempo en buscar la atención médica y su duración, se realizó un estudio analítico, de corte transversal, retrospectivo, en los consultorios 29 y 30 del área de salud «Hermanos Cruz¼ de Pinar del Río de septiembre 2010 a septiembre 2011. Se estudiaron 34 pacientes con agudizaciones y 84 que no tuvieron. Se aplicó un cuestionario para explorar las variables de interés. Para verificar la asociación entre variables se utilizó el estadígrafo ji cuadrado para un valor de significación estadística á= 0.05. Existió una asociación entre las agudizaciones y el nivel de conocimiento (X2= 15,04; p= 0,00011); OR= 5,8. Los factores desencadenantes de agudizaciones más frecuentes fueron: los cambios meteorológicos (91,5%), sustancias inhaladas (88,98%) e infecciones respiratorias (54,2%). 47,1% tuvo un período de tiempo desde los pródromos hasta las agudizaciones menor de seis horas; 67,6% buscó la asistencia médica después de 12 horas (Z= 2,57; p=4,94 E-03). Existió un predominio de estos últimos pacientes que tuvieron crisis mayores de 24 horas (X2=12,36; p=0,014). Se evidenció la relación entre el nivel de conocimiento de medidas para evitar agudizaciones y la aparición de estas. La mayoría de los pacientes tuvo un período prodrómico corto, y demoraron en buscar la asistencia médica, lo cual se relaciona con las duraciones prolongadas de las agudizaciones.

An analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted at 29 and 30 Doctor´s Offices with the purpose of specifying the relation among levels of knowledge concerning bronchial asthma exacerbation together with its onset, access to medical care and duration of the status asthmaticus, during September 2010 to September 2011 at «Hermanos Cruz¼ Health Area. 34 patients presenting exacerbations of bronchial asthma, and other 84 who did not present exacerbations participated in the study. A questionnaire to explore variables of interest was applied, and chi square test was used to verify the association of variables up to a value of ƒ¿=0.05 of statistical significance. An association between exacerbation and level of knowledge was observed (X2= 15, 04; p= 0, 00011); OR= 5, 8. Triggering factors were: weather changes (91, 5%), inhalation of substances (88, 98%) and contagious respiratory diseases (54, 2%). Less than 6 hours was the time (47, 1%) from the onset of symptoms to the exacerbations; 67,6% attended to medical care 12 hours after (Z= 2,57; p=4,94 E-03). Prevailing this last group of patients with an exacerbation of asthma greater than 24 hours (X2=12, 36; p=0,014). The relationship between level of knowledge to avoid exacerbations of asthma and the onset was confirmed. The majority of patients presented short periods of symptoms and delayed medical care, which was related to the durations of these prolonged exacerbations of bronchial asthma.

Algunos aspectos clínico epidemiológicos en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio / Some epidemiological aspects in patients suffering from myocardial infarction

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal, para describir los aspectos clínico epidemiológicos de los pacientes con infarto miocárdico, atendidos en el área de terapia intensiva municipal, municipio Sandino, de julio 2008 a julio 2011. El universo fueron los 45 pacientes atendidos con este diagnóstico, la muestra fue de 30 pacientes. De las historias clínicas se tomaron la edad, género, hábitos tóxicos, presencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, antecedentes familiares de coronariopatías, procedencia, complicaciones y terapia trombolítica. El grupo más afectado fue el de 60- 69 años correspondiendo con el 46,7% del total. El 90% tenía más de 45 años de edad. El 70,0% procedía de zonas urbanas (Z=2,39; p=8,41E-0,3). La totalidad de los pacientes tenía algún hábito tóxico y algún factor de riesgo explorado (X²= 40,841; p<0,01). El 76,66% fumaba y el 90% era hipertenso. El 53,3% de la muestra recibió el tratamiento con estreptoquinasa. Como complicaciones del infarto el 43,3% tuvo insuficiencia cardíaca (*Z=3,06; p=1,1E-04), la angina y la arritmia se detectaron en el 10% de los pacientes cada una. Se concluye que el infarto miocárdico predominó en pacientes de 60 - 69 años, de zonas urbanas, con factores de riesgo en su totalidad. Las cifras de trombolizados son superiores a la literatura. Se reportaron pocas complicaciones siendo la más frecuente la insuficiencia cardíaca, se destaca la función de las áreas de terapia intensivas municipales.

A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to describe clinical-epidemiological aspects of patients suffering from myocardial infarction at Municipal Intensive Care Area in Sandino municipality, July 2008-2011. The target group was comprised of 45 patients that were previously diagnosed and the sample included 30 patients. Age, gender, addictive habits, the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, along with familial records of coronary artery disease, origin, complications and thrombolytic therapy were the variables collected from the clinical charts. Ages from 60 to 69 were the most affected (46,7% of the total). The 90% of patients were older than 45 years old, most of them from urban zones 70,0% (Z=2,39; p=8,41E-0,3). The totality of patients had addictive habits and some of the risk factors explored (X2= 40,841; p<0, 01). The 76,66% smoked and 90% were hypertensive; 53,3% of the sample underwent streptokinase treatment. As complications for myocardial infarction 43,35% suffered from coronary artery disease (*Z=3,06; p=1,1E-04), both angina and arrhythmias were detected in 10 % of patients. Patients from 60 to 69 and from urban zones prevailed. A high proportion of patients with addictive habits (mainly tobacco smoking) was observed. Most of patients were hypertensive and presented some of the explored risk factors. The numbers of thrombolysis were higher than those described in the medical literature, but could be greater in the municipality. Heart failure was the most frequent complication. Few complications were reported, which stands out the function of the Municipal Intensive Care Areas.

Abordaje terapéutico en las forunculosis recidivantes en la Consulta de Inmunología, Pinar del Rìo / Therapeutic approach in relapsing furunculosis at Immunology Clinic, Pinar del Rio

Se realizó un estudio en dos etapas: una primera de casos y controles, analítica y transversal, y una segunda de etapa de intervención longitudinal, prospectiva en los pacientes con forunculosis recidivante. El universo lo constituyeron los pacientes menores de 20 años que asistieron a la consulta de inmunología en el periodo 2006-2010. La muestra fue de 89 pacientes con forunculosis que accedieron a participar en el estudio, y un grupo control de 182 pacientes con síntomas respiratorios ligeros. Se precisó la edad, género, color de la piel y los valores de inmunoglobulinas. Se realizó un exudado nasofaríngeo a convivientes. Se impuso el tratamiento en tres grupos: uno solamente con antibióticos específico para la forunculosis, un segundo grupo recibió tratamiento de convivientes y un tercero del abordaje del segundo grupo, recibió el uso de inmunomoduladores. Los resultados mostraron una asociación de la forunculosis a los niños de mayor edad y de color de piel blanca, además de mostrar una asociación estadística muy significativa entre la presencia de al menos un conviviente con exudado positivo a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) y la posibilidad de desarrollar la forunculosis recidivante. Se hace necesario el uso de antibióticos específicos combinados, el abordaje terapéutico de los convivientes y el uso de inmunomoduladores para lograr el éxito en el tratamiento...(AU)

A two- stages study was conducted: the first included the cases and controls, analytical and cross-sectional; and the second stage with a longitudinal and prospective intervention in patients suffering from relapsing furunculosis. The target group was comprised of patients under 20 years old attending to immunology clinic during 2006-2010; the sample, 89 patients with furunculosis who agreed to participate in the study, and a control group of 182 patients with mild respiratory symptoms. Age, gender, skin colour, immunoglobulin levels and nasopharyngeal smear in those presenting coexistence were the variables analyzed. A treatment in three groups was followed: one (1) only with specific antibiotic therapy for furunculosis, besides a second group followed the treatment of those with coexistence, and a third one, with the approach of the second group receiving immunomodulators. Results showed furunculosis in association with children of older ages and white skin, besides a very significant statistical association with at least, one of them, showing coexistence with a positive smear of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the possibility to develop relapsing furunculosis. Combined-specific antibiotics are required, as well as the use of the therapeutic approach of those presenting coexistence and immunomodulators to achieve a successful treatment...(AU)

Abordaje terapéutico en las forunculosis recidivantes. Consulta de inmunología. Pinar del Río / Therapeutic approach in relapsing furunculosis. Immunology clinic, Pinar del Rio

Se realizó un estudio en dos etapas: una primera de casos y controles, analítica y transversal, y una segunda de etapa de intervención longitudinal, prospectiva en los pacientes con forunculosis recidivante. El universo lo constituyeron los pacientes menores de 20 años que asistieron a la consulta de inmunología en el periodo 2006-2010. La muestra fue de 89 pacientes con forunculosis que accedieron a participar en el estudio, y un grupo control de 182 pacientes con síntomas respiratorios ligeros. Se precisó la edad, género, color de la piel y los valores de inmunoglobulinas. Se realizó un exudado nasofaríngeo a convivientes. Se impuso el tratamiento en tres grupos: uno solamente con antibióticos específico para la forunculosis, un segundo grupo recibió tratamiento de convivientes y un tercero del abordaje del segundo grupo, recibió el uso de inmunomoduladores. Los resultados mostraron una asociación de la forunculosis a los niños de mayor edad y de color de piel blanca, además de mostrar una asociación estadística muy significativa entre la presencia de al menos un conviviente con exudado positivo a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) y la posibilidad de desarrollar la forunculosis recidivante. Se hace necesario el uso de antibióticos específicos combinados, el abordaje terapéutico de los convivientes y el uso de inmunomoduladores para lograr el éxito en el tratamiento.

A two- stages study was conducted: the first included the cases and controls, analytical and cross-sectional; and the second stage with a longitudinal and prospective intervention in patients suffering from relapsing furunculosis. The target group was comprised of patients under 20 years old attending to immunology clinic during 2006-2010; the sample, 89 patients with furunculosis who agreed to participate in the study, and a control group of 182 patients with mild respiratory symptoms. Age, gender, skin colour, immunoglobulin levels and nasopharyngeal smear in those presenting coexistence were the variables analyzed. A treatment in three groups was followed: one (1) only with specific antibiotic therapy for furunculosis, besides a second group followed the treatment of those with coexistence, and a third one, with the approach of the second group receiving immunomodulators. Results showed furunculosis in association with children of older ages and white skin, besides a very significant statistical association with at least, one of them, showing coexistence with a positive smear of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the possibility to develop relapsing furunculosis. Combined-specific antibiotics are required, as well as the use of the therapeutic approach of those presenting coexistence and immunomodulators to achieve a successful treatment.

Análisis de la fertilidad al primer servicio en novillas doble propósito bajo un modelo animal / Analysis of Heifer’s First Service Fertility in Dual Purpose Cattle Under an Animal Model

Con el objeto de evaluar la fertilidad al primer servicio (FPS) de novillas doble propósito se llevó a cabo una investigación a partir de la información obtenida de dos rebaños comerciales. Se utilizó un total de 6.823 registros provenientes de animales cruzados. La variable respuesta fue FPS de las novillas. Los análisis fueron realizados bajo dos enfoques: frecuentista y Bayesiano. Para el primero se utilizó un modelo animal simple que incluía los efectos fijos discretos de rebaño, grupo racial y año-época de servicio, así como las covariables edad al primer servicio y peso al destete, ambos en forma cuadrática. Además, incluyó los efectos aleatorios genético aditivo directo del animal y el del error. En el primer caso, los análisis se realizaron con el programa MTDFREML. Mientras que en el segundo caso, los datos fueron analizados con el mismo modelo animal en forma umbral univariado, para lo cual fue usado el programa MTGSAM. Bajo este último enfoque, el tamaño de la cadena de muestreo, el período de entrenamiento y el filtrado fueron aproximados con el programa GIBBSIT, en tanto que el análisis de la distribución posterior de las muestras fue realizado con el programa GIBANAL. La longitud total de la cadena fue de 136.000 muestras, descartándose las primeras 1.000 y estableciéndose un filtrado de cada 14vo elemento de la secuencia. El porcentaje global de FPS fue de 65%. Bajo el enfoque frecuentista, el índice de herencia fue de 0,03 ± 0,02, el cual al ser transformado a la escala normal subyacente correspondió a 0,05, mientras que bajo el enfoque Bayesiano el análisis de las 9.642 muestras reflejaron que la media de la distribución posterior del índice de herencia fue de 0,0735; la mediana de la misma distribución fue de 0,0650, con estimadores en el rango entre 0,0130 y 0,2270. Se concluye que la selección por esta variable sólo podría producir cambios muy lentos en la población.

In order of evaluating first service fertility (FPS) on dual purpose heifers, this research was carry out with the electronic records from two commercial herds. A total of 6,823 records from crossbred animals. The response variable was first service fertility of the heifers. The analyses were realized under two approaches: classic and Bayesian. For the classic analysis, it was used a simple animal model that included the discrete fixed effects of herd, breed group and year-season of service, as well as the covariates age at the first service and weaning weight, both in quadratic form. In addition, it included the random additive direct genetic effect of the animal and the residual. In the first case, the analyses were realized with the program MTDFREML. Whereas in the second case, the data were analyzed with the same model animal in a threshold form, for which was used the program MTGSAM. Under this approach the size of the sampling chain, the burn in period and the thinning rate were approximated with GIBBSIT program, whereas the analysis of posterior distribution of the sampling chain were realized with program GIBANAL. The overall length of the chain was 136,000 samples, discarding the first 1,000 and settling down a thinning rate retaining each 14th element of the sequence. The global percentage of FPS was of 65%. Under the classic approach the heritability was 0.03 ± 0.02, which once transformed to the underlying normal scale raised to 0.05. Meanwhile under the Bayesian approach the analysis of the 9,642 samples reflected that the average of the posterior distribution of the heritability was 0.0735; the median of the same distribution was 0.0650, with estimators in the rank between 0.0130 and 0.2270. Selection for this variable could only produce very slow changes in the population.

Adenocarcinoma de pezón: a propósito de un caso / Nipple adenocarcinoma: a purpose of a case

Se presenta el caso de paciente femenino de 47 años, natural de Italia y procedente del Estado Barinas, quien acude a la consulta de patología mamaria y refiere lesión papular en pezón de mama izquierda de 2 meses de evolución, con antecedentes de mamoplastia de aumento a los 43 años, padre muerto por cáncer de pulmón, nuligesta. Al examen físico se aprecia: mamas simétricas, cicatriz periareolar bilateral. Se observa en pezón de mama izquierda lesión papular, polipoidea de 4 mm, color rosada, lisa, uniforme, ovoide en región central del pezón. Axilas y fosas supraclaviculares sin adenopatías. Se le realizó biopsia incisional que reportó adenocarcinoma ductal infiltrante. Se analizan factores pronósticos y predictivos por inmunohistoquímica, lo infrecuente y excepcional de este tipo de neoplasia en esta localización y el tratamiento realizado.

Present a clinical case of feminine patient 47 years old, natural of Italy precedent of Barinas state, she consult in the mammalian pathology, and refer a papular lesion in the nipple of left breast to 2 month of evolution, has history of increase mamoplasty to 43 years old, her father died for lung cancer, she has not pregnancy. In physical examination we found breast symmetric, periareolar bilateral cicatrize. Observed in nipple of left breast, a papular lesion polypoid 4 mm, rose color, lice uniform, ovoid in central region. Axillaries, supraclavicular fosse doesn’t have lymphatic nodes. Realized an incisional biopsy, report is ductal infiltrante adenocarcinoma. The prognostic and predictive factors are value for immunohistochemestry, the less frequent and exceptional of this type of neoplasia in this localization and the realized treatment.